Motivation and Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Motivation and Happiness - Essay Example This is illustrated in the motive of peer approval which becomes a motive to the individual to the extent that it satisfies his need of belonging and social recognition. There are common implications in the terminology of motivation whether we speak of it as motive, drive, need, impulse, wish, want id or valence. There is the implied existence of a force, of some degree of intensity that activates and arouses behavior. The object or goal of this force defines its direction. Motives may either be physiological or psychological. Physiological motives drive the individual to meet his body needs for food, water, and sleep. A kindergarten child may not be attentive in the class because he is malnourished or he did not eat breakfast. A college student cannot concentrate on the class discussions for he was sleepless the night before. Psychological needs, those that are not basically physiological are more numerous and have more variations depending on the theory that one subscribes to. It is generally accepted that psychological need cannot be separated from physiological needs. The two are interdependent. Each affects the other. Maslow's theory is consistent with the basic objectives of the teaching-learning process in particular and of the educational system in general, that is, to develop the potentials of the learners. The theory states that self-actualization cannot be achieved unless the lower levels of needs are satisfied. Thus, the learners' biological needs must be met. The student must feel that he belongs to the group. He must have self-esteem before he can self-actualize. An atmosphere conducive to the meeting of these needs is important. No fast rules can be stated here. But suffice to say that the teacher's awareness of his pupils' need cannot be overemphasized. His ingenuity to create situations facilitative of self-actualization is thereby challenged. Of course, there are hindrances to this such as big classes that make it difficult for the teacher to recognize individual differences and heavy teaching loads that may take away the teacher from the learners. When man wants to attain happiness and freedom, man has to satisfy his needs and motivation transpires giving the person enough reason to reach for his goals. With the Brave New World, freedom is being discussed in relation to social stratification and social order. Motives, wants and needs and also drives often spoken of interrelatedly may be broken into classifications as physiological and psychological motives. The physiological motives are also referred to as biological, organic, primary or basic. A large part of man's activity is devoted to the maintenance of bodily needs - the need for food, water, air, excretion, sleep, activtity, shelter and sexual needs. These comprise the first stage in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Man is attracted towards states which are pleasant and draws away from stimulations which are unpleasant. Man naturally looks for relationships that are warm and affectionate. During infancy, this need is very often satisfied by loving parents who provide the warm emotional security that will etermine to a large extent, later personal adjustments in life. In Huxley's work, "All members of society are conditioned with the values that the World State idealizes. Children are trained to

Michael’s Reflective Paper Essay Example for Free

Michael’s Reflective Paper Essay * Who am I? What life experiences made me who I am today? Was it my family, my social environment where I went to school, the groups, or organizations that I belonged to, or was it certain life events that shaped me? * This paper is my attempt to show that my family and social environment, my life experiences from childhood to present influenced me to be the person that I am today and who I will be in the future. As I reflect upon my life, at the age of forty-nine, I have come to the conclusion that my family and social environment when growing up, surviving cancer in my twenties, and getting married in my thirties are the main social influences and life events that have shaped who I am today and who I want to become in the future. Every one of these experiences has given me something: learning to be independent from family attitudes; dealing with the state of uncertainty, which comes with the disease; responsibility of marriage; and the importance to find the field of expertise for effective work. All these insights can be described as building effective relationships with people and developing self-understanding on different levels. * To understand my family life, and why I feel that their negative attitudes to me shaped me to be a better person, I first have to give you some background on my family and me. The background of my family clarifies how important for me was to be independent from this alienating environment. My mother died when I was only a year old and my father raised my older brother Kevin and me by himself until he met my stepmother. My father remarried and had my two stepbrothers William and Robert. My father was a strict disciplinarian, racist, drank a lot, and worked as a machinist at a refinery plant. My stepmother was a homemaker as my father did not approve of her working and felt that she needed to be at home taking care of the children. My stepmother came from an orphanage, had polio in her left hand. She was also an alcoholic, meaning that she was nasty when drunk; in addition, she was a chain smoker. Kevin was the oldest son one and a half years older than me (and my father’s favorite one), I was the middle child, William was five years younger than me and was diagnosed at an early age as having severe attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD); Robert was the youngest. Witt and Mossler (2010) quote the longitudinal research study which has shown that the attitudes of parents towards children rather than the practices of raising children shape our personality in adulthood (Ch. 1, p. 11). It is evident that lack of my father’s attention has influenced me a lot, stimulating me to attract my parents’ attention, for better or for worse. The authors also stress on the importance of the environment of growing up, both social and physical (Witt Mossler, 2010, Ch. 1, p. 13). We lived in a relatively low middle class white community in Beaumont, Texas next door to my father’s brother and his family. The area where we lived in was close to the outskirts of Beaumont and was nestled back in the woods, so the woods were our playground. This could create the feeling of abandonment, but it was also empowering somehow, as I learned by these circumstances to rely on myself. Palkovitz, Marks, Appleby, and Holmes (2002) treat the relationship between parents and children as a complex unit consisting of father factors, co parental factors, mother factors, child factors, and contextual factors (p. 8). It is evident that in my family, there was disintegration in a sense on all levels. It was interesting to discover that, according to the study by Palkovitz, Marks, Appleby, and Holmes (2002), my father’s attitude was shaped by his experience in romantic relationships and then projected upon children (p. 8). I had to develop independence from this painful emotional context. My relationship with my father caused me to be non-racist, disciplined, and extroverted, as my father was a strict disciplinarian, controlling, and racist man. He gave all his attention to my older brother and ignored me unless I did something that angered him. His treatment of me caused me to crave his attention and to seek to please him until I reached my teenage years and decided that I did not want to be like my father. I rebelled against his control upon me. He tried to control what I did after school, how I wore my hair, how I thought, and what I wanted to be when I graduated high school. I was deeply afraid of him when I was a child, and only when I became a young adult did I see that what he was doing to me was wrong. I started standing up for myself. I started seeking attention outside my family and I got a job after school so that I started earning my own money. That allowed me to purchase my own clothes, get my haircut how I wanted, and purchase my first car that gave me the freedom to escape from my dysfunctional family on a daily basis. My first car and earning my own money gave me the ability to distance myself from my family. However, later circumstances of my life taught me that people can also be supporting and self-reliance is not enough. When I was in my early twenties working and going to college, I developed Hodgkin’s disease that has also changed my personality. Hodgkin’s is a form of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. Like other forms of cancer, it is believed to cause the feelings of uncertainty, lack of control, anxiety, isolation, discomfort, and – last but not least – re-definition of goals and roles (Halldorsdottir Hamrin, 1996, p. 34). On one hand, one feels that he has to re-define his place in the society; on another hand, people care about those with the disease more and help more (at least they are supposed to do so). I experienced how it was not to have the control upon my life, but also how it was to be cared for by others. Anyway, when one is ill and so evidently dependent upon the society, the natural question comes: â€Å"Did I do anything wrong? And what was it? † Often cancer is associated with suppressed anger and a desire to please other (or at least attract attention) (Broderick, 1996, p. 14), and this really could be my case. I must admit that this understanding came along with serious heart problems. Still, illness did not prevent me from shouldering responsibility in work and family life, as well as from the joys of both. I met my wife during my thirties when I was changing my careers from being a technician to a salesperson. Interestingly, psychologists nowadays view professional development of an individual as an ongoing process (not limited to certain age group), the first stage of which is exploration (Smart Peterson, 1997, p. 59). So, I was engaged in a kind of â€Å"double exploration†, searching for new ways in professional life as well as personal, consciously or not. In addition, like a career, marriage is a serious responsibility that implies both joyful outcomes and stress together with work on oneself. This personal responsibility has changed me a lot, teaching how to meet the needs of another person with whom I have been living day by day for a long time. I find the recommendations given by Witt and Mossler (2010, Ch. 3, p. 37) helpful, though challenging sometimes. People are happy in marriage when they support each other materially and emotionally, not forgetting to be positive, share feelings, thank each other, express affection, and do certain tasks together. In prolonged perspective, my family life and work taught me how to be productive and understanding in relationships with people and how to maintain stability in the changing world around and in the situations when inner conflicts arise. That is why in my future, I want to pass on the knowledge that my occupation as a sales manager has given to me. Perhaps I will start organizing some training sessions. This may also help to deepen my competence in the field of sales and on the level of personal communication, as people may share their valuable experience with me on the trainings. As I reflect upon my life now, from quite a distance, I have concluded that several events were the strongest in making me the person I am at present. They were my family and social environment in childhood, surviving cancer in my twenties, and getting married in my thirties. My family life stimulated me to earn living independently, cancer survival was essential in understanding my own potential and the ability to help of the people around, and marriage has given me the notion of responsibility. The dark years and events turn out to be ambivalent in the sense that they have given me certain experience and understanding of myself. Those main social influences and life events that I described in this paper have shaped my present personality and my thoughts about the future.

Whos Afraid of Edward Albee? :: Biography Biographies Essays

Who's Afraid of Edward Albee?      Ã‚   Edward Albee was considered the chief playwright of the Theater of the Absurd when his first successful one-act experimental plays emerged.   The Zoo Story, The Death of Bessie Smith, The Sandbox, and Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung were all released during Albee's thirties between 1959 and 1968 (Artists   1-2).   Edward Albee was born in the nation's capitol on March 12, 1928, and his career has brought him three Pulitzer Prizes over four decades, the first for A Delicate Balance in 1966 and the most recent in 1994 for Three Tall Women.   While Albee's original works established him as a leading voice in America's Theater of the Absurd, his more mature plays were representative of traditional playwrights like Eugene O'Neill and August Strindberg.      Unlike many successful writers, the childhood of Albee was not one of deprivation.   On the contrary,   Albee was adopted at the age of two weeks by a millionaire family.   From that point on he knew a life of wealth and privilege.   He resided with his family in Westchester, New York.   His childhood experience was quite remote from that of many writers who knew squalor and deprivation.   As one magazine article said regarding his childhood years, "It was a time of servants, tutors, riding lessons, winters in Miami, summers sailing on the Sound:   there was a Rolls Royce to bring him, smuggled in lap robes, to matinees in the city; an inexhaustible wardrobe housed in a closet as big as a room.   Albee has never made any explicit comments about the happiness of his childhood.   His father was believed, however, to be dominated by his wife, who was considerably younger than her husband and an avid athlete" (Biography   1).   His grandfather was one of the major f igures in the development of the razzmatazz of American show-business and the owner of a famous chain of vaudeville theaters.   Albee was named after him and this lineage gave him a great deal of exposure to plays and theater people at a young age.   Albee was not very adept at schoolwork though he showed promise as a writer from a young age.   He dropped out of Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, after a year and a half to pursue a writing career full time in New York.   However, while at Trinity, Albee did gain theater experience by playing a variety of characters in plays produced by the college drama department.

Question and Iago

Iago continually uses rhetorical strategies to manipulate others. He uses many devices to put false accusations into Othello’s head. In lines 330-447 in act 3 scene 3, Iago uses rhetorical questions, imagery, and sarcasm to make Othello believe that Cassio is having an affair with Desdemona. To make Othello question Desdemona’s love for him Iago uses rhetorical questions. When Othello says â€Å"†¦than answer my waked wrath! † Iago comes back with â€Å"Is’t come to this my lord. † Later he goes as far as to say â€Å"Are you a man? Have you a soul or sense? This puts the idea of Desdemona having an affair with Cassio in his head, this also serves to make Othello question much of what he held true. Othello believed that Iago was an honest man. Iago acts very sympathetically towards Othello and in doing this he creates the illusion that he knows what he is talking about. This leads Othello to sense that Iago knows more than what he is sharing. Iago’s questioning ways lead Othello into thinking the worse about Desdemona and Cassio, Iago gains exactly what he wanted, manipulation. Iago continually uses rhetorical strategies to manipulate others. He uses many devices to put false accusations into Othello’s head. In lines 330-447 in act 3 scene 3, Iago uses rhetorical questions, imagery, and sarcasm to make Othello believe that Cassio is having an affair with Desdemona. To make Othello question Desdemona’s love for him Iago uses rhetorical questions. When Othello says â€Å"†¦than answer my waked wrath! † Iago comes back with â€Å"Is’t come to this my lord. † Later he goes as far as to say â€Å"Are you a man? Have you a soul or sense? This puts the idea of Desdemona having an affair with Cassio in his head, this also serves to make Othello question much of what he held true. Othello believed that Iago was an honest man. Iago acts very sympathetically towards Othello and in doing this he creates the illusion that he knows what he is talking about. This leads Othello to sense that Iago knows more than what he is sharing. Iago’s questioning ways lead Othello into thinking the worse about Desdemona and Cassio, Iago gains exactly what he wanted, manipulation. Secondly, Iago’s use of imagery creates such a lucid picture that makes it hard to believe that it is anything but true. Iago tells of how he slept with Cassio and how Cassio, kept talking about Desdemona in his dreams. Through out the play of Othello Iago used many techniques to get what he wanted and one way or another he some how all most always got what he wanted. His techniques were that of an everyday sneaky, conniving bad guy, who always got people to trust him, except the person that was closest to him. But the main overall techniques he used were; 1)He gained the trust of people. Which was the number one technique, and from gaining their trust he could branch off form that and then he could manipulate the people he was playing into thinking that he was on their side even when he might be on the opposite side. Another thing that he could do to people was to, from gaining their trust and making then think that he was on their side he could manipulate them and make them turn on each other. The other technique that he used which didn't nearly play a role as large as the first technique but was important was he was always very careful, in being discovered and by covering his tracks. He knew how to take care of things in precarious situation. There was in my own personal opinion one more technique, and that was that he knew how to use all his options and could use his wits and cunningness. Iago's number one technique was his ability to make people trust him. He had just about everyone spun in Iago's web. Rodrigo, Othello, Cassio, Desdemona, Emilia, and etc. And he got every one of them to trust him, although he still hadn't got Emilia into his web fully. She still had suspicions about him. He could gain the trust of people as if it was nothing to him. He always when talking to that certain person said that he was on their side, making a false trust that the person believed, and therefore trusted him. Now most of the people he did this to it worked on. Such as Cassio calling him â€Å"Honest Iago† and when Cassio got in that fight with Rodrigo, he believed that Iago was the only good, honest man on his side, even†¦

Music and Critical Thinking Questions

Review Questions 1. What are the basic elements of music? 2. What is pitch? 3. What is syncopation? What types of music use syncopation? 4. What are three examples of forms of music? Describe each form. 5. What is form in music? Critical Thinking Questions 1. Music has sometimes been referred to as a ? universal language.? Why has this description been applied to music? Do you agree or disagree with this assessment? Why? 2. Why is musical notation important?What benefits do musicians and others receive from being able to write down and note aspects of a musical piece? 3. In the first part of the unit, we discussed how music is everywhere in society. What are some of the ways that we use music? How do you use music in your own life? 4. Music can help influence the mood or feeling in a place by the way in which it is played. What is a specific example of this that you have experienced? Discuss the experience (what was the song? how was it played? how did the mood/feeling change? . For example, you might discuss an experience at a concert, religious service, or another place where music played a part in creating the mood. 1. Tone, pitch, tempo, rhythm. 2. The quality of a sound governed by the rate of vibrations producing it; the degree of highness or lowness of a tone. 3. A placement of rhythmic stresses or accents where they wouldn't normally occur. 4. AB form, or binary form, which is two different melodies. ABA, or ternary, which a chorus, then a verse, then back to the chorus.And ABACADA, or rondo form, which is one repeating melody with many different ones. 5. Form refers to the overall structure or plan of a piece of music. 1. Because you don't have to read a specific language to read music, just like math. I agree with it because it's true. 2. It is important, just as writing down stories. Writing it down gives future generations the ability to read it and analyze. 3. We use it as entertainment. That is how I use it. 4. In restaurants they play upbeat musi c to keep peolpe in good moods. Music and Critical Thinking Questions Review Questions 1. What are the basic elements of music? 2. What is pitch? 3. What is syncopation? What types of music use syncopation? 4. What are three examples of forms of music? Describe each form. 5. What is form in music? Critical Thinking Questions 1. Music has sometimes been referred to as a ? universal language.? Why has this description been applied to music? Do you agree or disagree with this assessment? Why? 2. Why is musical notation important?What benefits do musicians and others receive from being able to write down and note aspects of a musical piece? 3. In the first part of the unit, we discussed how music is everywhere in society. What are some of the ways that we use music? How do you use music in your own life? 4. Music can help influence the mood or feeling in a place by the way in which it is played. What is a specific example of this that you have experienced? Discuss the experience (what was the song? how was it played? how did the mood/feeling change? . For example, you might discuss an experience at a concert, religious service, or another place where music played a part in creating the mood. 1. Tone, pitch, tempo, rhythm. 2. The quality of a sound governed by the rate of vibrations producing it; the degree of highness or lowness of a tone. 3. A placement of rhythmic stresses or accents where they wouldn't normally occur. 4. AB form, or binary form, which is two different melodies. ABA, or ternary, which a chorus, then a verse, then back to the chorus.And ABACADA, or rondo form, which is one repeating melody with many different ones. 5. Form refers to the overall structure or plan of a piece of music. 1. Because you don't have to read a specific language to read music, just like math. I agree with it because it's true. 2. It is important, just as writing down stories. Writing it down gives future generations the ability to read it and analyze. 3. We use it as entertainment. That is how I use it. 4. In restaurants they play upbeat musi c to keep peolpe in good moods.

Aspergers, a High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder

Aspergers, a High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder Aspergers Syndrome exists at the highest end of the autism spectrum. Children with Aspergers have excellent language and often good academic behavior which may mask the very real difficulties they have in academic situations. Often they are not diagnosed, or diagnosed late in their academic career, because their difficulties in social situations havent stopped them from succeeding academically. Their lack of good social skills and understanding of social interaction eventually inhibit their ability to function in upper elementary and middle school settings, where their academic skills often outshine their social challenges. They are frequently found in inclusive settings because of their ability to function well in academic settings, but challenge the general education teachers who teach them. Areas of High Interest and High Ability The movie Rain Man familiarized the American public with the notion of the idiot savant. Although a fairly infrequent occurrance, savantism may appear in children with autism or with Aspergers Syndrome. The hyper-focus or perseveration on specific top is typical of students diagnosed with Aspergers Syndrome. Children may exhibit exceptional ability in language or math, and may have areas of extraordinary ability. I had one student who could tell you what day of the week your birthday might be in 5 or 10 years without referring to a calendar. Students may also have extraordinary knowledge about a specific topic, such as dinosaurs or vintage movies. This hyperfocus or perseveration may actually be the result of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) which is not uncommon in children with Aspergers disorder. Physicians often can use appropriate medication to help manage the obsessive behavior and help students re-focus on a broader range of information and interests. Social Deficits One of truly human skills that children on the spectrum seem to lack is joint attention, the ability to join with other humans in attending to what they find important. Another deficit is in the area of theory of mind, the innate ability that most human organisms have to project their own emotional and intellectual processes onto other human beings. Early in development, typically developing children respond to their mothers faces and early on learn to respond to their parents moods. Children on the Autism Spectrum do not. Children with Aspergers syndrome often long to develop relationships, especially with peers. Since most children with Aspergers Syndrome are boys, they are especially interested in how to relate to the opposite sex. Many children with disabilities have weak social skills. They all benefit from social skill training, but none as much as children on the autism spectrum. They lack emotional literacy, and need explicit instruction in how to recognize and manage different emotional states. Tantrums are frequent in young children with Aspergers Syndrome, because they do not know how express their frustration nor how to negotiate with parents, siblings or peers. Use your words is often the mantra with students with Aspergers Syndrome, and often the challenge is teach them the skills they need to express their wants and needs. Executive Function Deficits Children with Aspergers Syndrome often have weak Executive Function. Executive function is the cognitive ability to visualize and plan ahead. It includes the short term ability to understand the steps needed to complete a task. Long term it involves the ability to anticipate the many steps that may be required to graduate from high school, to complete a degree, even to follow through on a science fair project. Because these children are often very bright, they may be able over-compensate in elementary or middle school for their lack of ability to visualize, anticipate and prepare for future eventualities. Children with extraordinary potential may end up as the 30 year old still in his or her own bedroom because they have not been able to prioritize and then master each of the steps necessary to get to a final goal. Gross and Fine Motor Skills Students with Aspergers Syndrome often have poor balance and poor gross motor skills. This can become exaggerated as they grow older because they often prefer watching television or using the computer to athletic activities. The preference may come from poor over all coordination rather than a learned preference. These same students may also have poor fine motor skills and may dislike using pencils and scissors. They may be very hard to motivate to writ. Unless students with Aspergers are really motivated to learn to write long hand, they should not be forced to learn to write in cursive. Keyboarding on a computer may also be a better investment of time than stressing handwriting. Academic Deficits Students with Aspergers syndromes often have areas of great strength and areas of academic weakness. Some students have strong academic deficits across the board, from language to math, and are often diagnosed late because their obvious intelligence and academic performance, challenged by deficits in social skills and executive function, struggle to perform in academic settings. English/Language Arts: Often students with strong language may struggle to develop the skills that they need to do well in English and Language Arts. Often they have strong vocabularies, especially when they have strong interests that they have read about. Some students with Aspergers gain strong vocabularies because they script, or repeat entire movies they have heard. Children with Aspergers with strong language skills often exhibit good reading skills, but not always are good readers. Once students reach fourth grade, they are expected to answer higher level thinking questions, such as questions that ask students to synthesize or analyze what they have read (as in Blooms Taxonomy.) They may be able to answer questions at the lowest level, Remember, but not questions that ask them to analyze (What made that a good idea?) or synthesis (If you were Hugo, where would you look?) Because of executive function and short term memory challenges, students with Aspergers syndrome often face challenges with writing. They may have difficulty remembering how to spell, they may forget writing conventions such as punctuation and capitalization, and they may face fine motor challenges that make them reluctant to write. Math: Children with strong language or reading skills may have poor math skills, or vice versa. Some children are savants when it comes to math, memorizing math facts quickly and seeing relationships between numbers and solving problems. Other children may have poor short and long term memory and may struggle with learning math facts. In all or any case, teachers need to learn to recognize students strengths and needs, using strengths to identify ways to approach deficits and build their over all functional and academic skills.

How to Communicate with Stakeholders Essay Essays

How to Communicate with Stakeholders Essay Essays How to Communicate with Stakeholders Essay Essay How to Communicate with Stakeholders Essay Essay Discuss each image crisis for Barclays. – Image crisis no. 1: ‘A universe needs a large bank’ run vs. shuting 170 subdivisions in the UK. In 2000 Barclays launched a ‘Big’ run with the motto: ‘a large universe needs a large bank’ . Barclays wanted to be seen as an ‘big’ bank by its of import stakeholder groups. The adverts were slick and had received good pre-publicity. but it turned into a communicating catastrophe. Because Barclays was distributing the word that is was a large bank. while shuting 170 subdivisions in the UK. Barclays started to lose more repute when it was revealed that the new Chief Executive had been paid ?1. 3 million for merely 3 months’ work. The state of affairs was farther aggravated by the haughtiness with which Barclays announced and justified the determination of shuting all the subdivisions in the rural countries. – Image crisis no. 2: ‘‘Children ; make non stack up debts on your recognition cards. ’’ Another image crisis occurred in 2003 when the CEO of Barclays. Matthew Barret. said that he did non borrow on recognition cards because they were excessively expensive and that he has advised his four kids non to stack up debts on their recognition cards. Since Barclays is the biggest recognition card company of the UK. the Chief executive officer stunned his clients with what appeared to be a similar ballot of no assurance in his ain merchandise. – Image crisis no. 3: ‘‘Excessive hazard taking’’ In 2008. at the tallness of the planetary fiscal crisis. a 3rd image occurred. Many Bankss turned to the authorities for hard currency injections. Barclays. nevertheless. raised one million millions from investors in Qatar and Abu Dhabi. The ground for this was that it would let the bank to retain ‘complete control’ over running their concern. like paying the fillips to its to p executives and investing bankers. Although some fiscal analysts thought it was a good move. Barclays was to a great extent criticised in the media for its inordinate hazard pickings and for the wage bundles given to its top executives and investing bankers. 2. What was the exact cause or event that led to each of these crises?Barclays did non win in incorporate communicating. The bank did non organize and aline all communications so that the administration speaks systematically across different audiences and media. For illustration: the corporate individuality did non fit with the things Matthew Barret told the populace. Besides that. Barclays has the following value stated on their web site: ‘‘Build trust with the co-workers and spouses we work with’’ . this value is in contrast with shuting 170 subdivisions without any duologue with their stakeholder. Besides that the company did non demo sorrow for shuting all those subdivisions. alternatively they played a really defensive function. By demoing such an chesty attitude and deficiency of compunction Barclays created choler within the populace. The timing of the run was really unfortunate. If the run and the proclamation of the shutting of the subdivisions did non go on at or around the same clip. the run could hold been really successful. Since it received really good pre-publicity. Matthew Barret did non gain that the media is a large stakeholder of the administration. Anything that a corporate executive says in public can be held against him and can hold a immense impact on the repute of the company. The determination non to inquire the authorities for hard currency injections became an image crisis because non merely did they take an inordinate hazard. they wanted to go on with the tremendous fillips. The populace likely felt Barclays had the best involvement for their stockholders. non for their stakeholders. 3. What could Barclays hold done to avoid these crises. or to expect the possible radioactive dust? Barclays clearly did non pull off really good with their communicating under crisis. Because crises have the possible to Barclays Bank: how ( non ) to pass on with stakeholders harm an organisation’s repute it is of import that administrations anticipate and plan for likely crisis scenarios and fix crisis communicating programs. Alternatively of acquiring in the defensive manner as Barclays did with image crisis no. 1. they should hold started an credence scheme. A maneuver of apologizing for the crisis and accepting the incrimination. Alternatively of being chesty. they could hold said that they are regretful for shuting 170 subdivisions and give an account. Barclays besides should hold started a duologue. They should hold announced what they were traveling to makeand why and so allow the public react on their proclamation. And to make less choler within the populace they could hold announced some signifier of compensation or aid to the employees who were traveling to be harmed by the shutting of the subdivisions. The Chief executive officer of Barclays should hold had a media preparation. In media preparations is thought how to work with journalist s by making simulations. If he would hold known how to act and what to state around media. the 2nd crisis would non hold happened. A 3rd image crisis would hold happened anyhow. because if they had chosen to acquire a hard currency injection of the authorities the populace would besides hold been angry. Because they pay such inordinate fillips. it is non just to inquire they authorities and therefore the taxpayers for an hard currency injection because they are short on money. They could hold limited the image crisis by explicating the populace the positive facets of the fact they chose investors for money and non the authorities. Overall. Barclays should hold an more unfastened attitude to the populace with room for duologue. And non such an chesty attitude.

Betters and Bettors

Betters and Bettors Betters and Bettors Betters and Bettors By Mark Nichol Is there a connection between better, which is sometimes employed as a noun, among other parts of speech, and the noun bettor? This post explains their etymological origins and lists and defines related words. Better is primarily an adjective, from Old English bettra (and, previously, betera), meaning â€Å"superior.† It can also mean â€Å"more advantageous or favorable,† â€Å"improved,† or â€Å"greater than half† (as in â€Å"the better part of an hour†). The adjective better pertains to doing something to a greater degree or with higher quality or can replace more (â€Å"She was doing better than twenty miles per hour†) or preferably (â€Å"It’s better left where it is†). As a verb, better means â€Å"make more acceptable or complete† or â€Å"improve on† (as in â€Å"The runner will try to better his personal record in the event†). It also serves as an auxiliary verb, one that supports another verb, as in â€Å"You had better get going,† sometimes with the first verb elided. The noun better means â€Å"advantage† (â€Å"Don’t let him get the better of you†), â€Å"something superior† (â€Å"We expected better of her†), or â€Å"someone of higher rank or status† (â€Å"I was told to respect my betters†). Better is also a variant of bettor, meaning â€Å"someone who makes bets.† The origin of bet, meaning â€Å"wager† (as a noun) or â€Å"wage† (as a verb), is uncertain, but it could be from abet, meaning â€Å"incite† or â€Å"urge on.† More likely, however, it is from the obsolete English word beet, meaning â€Å"make good† and related to better. Either way, it began as criminal slang; the affirming phrase â€Å"You bet† (even more informally, â€Å"You betcha†) is also slang, though not of unsavory origins. Two additional words based on better are betterment, meaning â€Å"an act of becoming or making better† or referring to an instance of property improvement, and the adjective bettermost, meaning â€Å"superior.† Better, however, generally suffices as a comparative that stands between good (which supplanted the Old English word bot, meaning â€Å"advantage†) and the superlative best. (Bot does survive in the phrase â€Å"to boot,† meaning â€Å"in addition.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?50 Synonyms for â€Å"Idea†5 Tips to Understand Hyphenated Words

Companies Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Companies Research - Essay Example Total Asset Turnover has been on the high for Kroger and Wall-Mart with 3.487 and 2.335 respectively. Eaton has failed to maintain a high ratio; its turnover ratio stands at 0.795. Eaton Corporation has struggled in this regard as well, which is evident by its last position in the industry with respect to earnings produced with each dollar spent on an asset. Total Debt to equity ratio has been high for all four organizations but Kroger Co. crosses all boundaries with a ratio of 141.81:1. Wall-Mart stands second with 81.39, and Eaton is third with a ratio of 46. Chevron is a relatively low leveraged firm, which is indicated by the minimal interest payments it has to make. Chevron, being the most profitable company, leads the chart in terms of times interest earned with a ratio multiple of 381. For the current year, Chevron had interest payments of only $50,000. Wall-Mart is the second company to make substantially high returns out of the debt it takes with a multiple of 8.43. Kroger C o. is not surprisingly at the bottom of the chart with only 3.49. Return on Sales/Net profit margin has been impressive for Chevron with 9.55%. Eaton Co. also practices a higher return on the sale with 6.77%. The Kroger Co. again is at the bottom of the chart with 1.38% return on Sales. Return on Assets is the earnings made with each dollar spent on an asset. With the highest net income Chevron Co. again tops the list with a return of 10.94%. Wall-Mart takes the second spot with 8.91% and Eaton Co. being the last of the four with 5.46%. Moreover, the return earned on every dollar of equity is the highest for Wall-Mart. This means that Wall-Mart provides the highest return to a shareholder, which is the objective of a corporation. Kroger Co. takes the second spot with 22.87%. In addition to it, Chevron has an equity centric structure hence it takes the third spot out of the four with 21.33% while Eaton creates the lowest return for their shareholders with a return of 15.9% rests at t he bottom. By comparing P/E ratio, one can analyze the market’s stock evaluation for a company. P/E is directly proportional to forecasted earnings hence a rise in P/E is a resultant of increased expectation for earnings (Besley and Brigham, 2000). The Kroger Co. tops the list with a P/E multiple of 12.64. It could be inferred that investors expect higher returns in the future for Kroger Co. Eaton Corporation follows with 12.17 and Chevron being the last with 8.53. Lastly, Market to Book Value ratio is used to compare company’s market worth to its book value. It gives an idea of whether an investor is paying adequate money for his investment or more (Levinson 2006). It is calculated by the company’s market capitalization divided by the value in company’s books. Wall-Mart tops the list with 2.76, followed by Kroger Co. with 2.69 and Chevron taking the last position. 1. Chevron is an oil and gas manufacturing and exploration company, Eaton Co. is a transpor t/truck manufacturer, whereas Kroger Co. and Wall-Mart are in the retail industry. I would rank Chevron as the leader of the

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 41

Marketing - Essay Example The author performed content analysis of the number of websites operated by leading fashion retailers along with three large supermarkets in UK. The author, while selecting the sample, focused only on choosing retail stores along with super store chains however there was no appropriate method was adapted. This article offers an insight through content analysis as to how the online branding is done by the retailers. This study was conducted by observational research methods through content analysis. Observational research methods are particularly suitable in situations where behaviors are observed. By performing cohort analysis, researcher therefore has attempted to offer a deeper insight into the similar traits and characteristics of the group of retailers in UK. However, this study is only limited to content analysis and as such does not offer any other insight obtained through other means of research like obtaining primary data through interviews or through circulating questionnaire to gain the responses of the managers. This research is limited due to the fact that it only takes into UK fashion retailers however, it fails to take into account how these retailers and their branding strategies actually affect their marketability. I.e. study does not provide any indication of how online branding strategies are helping firms to achieve their strategic goals. Observational studies however, often time consuming and selection of the sample can be difficult to obtain. Since such methods are time consuming, therefore changes that take place over the period of time due to changes in the consumer preferences may not be measured appropriately. Since observational research methods often involve certain ethical issues therefore the overall reliability may not be entirely to the complete satisfaction of the researcher. It is also imperative that the researcher may not be able to obtain entirely correct

Comparison of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William Essay

Comparison of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James theoretical positions - Essay Example The paper tells that Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James are historical psychologists whose work formed the foundation of psychology. Their theorems and practice in the field has had a great effect to this day. Most of the practicing psychologists in the present times borrow a lot from their work. However, this does not mean that their success in the field did not face challenges. The greatest of all the challenges for each one of them came from fellow psychologist. In efforts to outdo each other in their approach on psychological issues, similarities as well as differences developed that one cannot ignore. The four being the pioneers of psychology were passionate on getting better perceptive in the field. Their approaches aimed at getting facts that could better explain the psychological sphere of the human beings. This search for a better explanation led to common agreements on concepts like mental processes. They all believed that there was a conscious and a subconscious part of the human mind. These two spheres formed the basis for mental processes and Freud and Jung had similar views on dreams as a function of the unconscious mind. Jung in his theorem on individuation argued that human beings needed to incorporate both the conscious and unconscious mind to get the meanings to the dreams. Jung, Alder, and Freud agreed on the power of motive in human behavior. Childhood experience took the centre stage in the reason behind the motive. Cultural orientation, inferiority, and sexuality are all concepts that one gets from childhood. Since community and religious values influence a bigger part in them, the assimilation process into the child’s life is crucial because it affects relationships and psychological functioning of the individual (Meissner, 1987). Though the four could have differed in their theoretical positions of religion and the influence it has on human behavior, they all agreed that it plays a role in human psychology ( Dumont, 2010). Their theorems emphasized on religious interpretation of situations, and understanding of the world at large (Stone, 2011). Right from childhood, a child’s religion affects the way the child perceives different situations all the way to adulthood (Meissner, 1987). Contrast on Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James theoretical positions Just as the four psychologists are distinct, their theoretical positions equally had distinctions. They all had distinct approaches on the applicability of the concepts they all agreed were true. An example is in believing on mental processes that lead to human behavior. Human behavior as per Freud’s view required insight into thoughts and feelings for action to take place (Stone, 2011). Though Jung and Freud agreed on the unconscious part of dreams, their approaches on interpretation differed. Jung believed that religious nature formed the basis for interpretation hence dividing the unconscious into ind ividual and collective (Stone, 2011). For him, personal experience and concerns as well as collective religious believe influenced the interpretation (Dumont, 2010). However, this was different with Freud since to him mental processes and behavior took the centre of the dreams. James on the other hand came up with a completely different approach. To him, mental processes were a matter of evolutionary process meaning it is a function of constant changes (Stone, 2011). In his theoretical position on mental processes was more natural selection rather than emotions. Jung, Alder, and Freud agreed on the power of motive. While Freud believed that sexuality influenced motive, Jung and Adler had a different position. Jung considered culture,

Clients Requiring Psychotropic Medication Essay

Clients Requiring Psychotropic Medication - Essay Example It has been demonstrated that the results of combined therapy are superior to either type of therapy used alone. This approach is used by practitioners as pharmacotherapy-oriented psychotherapy (American Counseling Association, 2008). A major indication for using medication when conducting counseling, particularly for those patients with major mental disorders such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder is that psychotropic agents reduce anxiety and hostility. This improves the patient's capacity to communicate and to participate in the psychotherapeutic process involved in counseling. Another indication for such combined therapy is to relieve distress when the signs and the symptoms of the patient's disorder are so prominent that they require more rapid amelioration than psychotherapy alone may be able to offer. In fact there is a current consensus that each technique may facilitate the other; counseling may enable the patient to accept a much needed pharmacological agent, and the psychoactive drug may enable the patient to overcome resistance to entering or continuing counseling and psychotherapy (American Psychological Association, 2005). With the introduction of psychoactive medications ... theoretical issues about the value of medication in the overall treatment of a patient, as well as the practical issues of whether a psychotherapist can also be a medication provider. Consequently, there had been an idea of the counselors which saw medications as intrusive, unnecessary, and even harmful. Their belief was that relief was provided by talking with patients, understanding their problems, and assisting in resolving developmental conflicts and early life traumas. The biological school of mental health professionals began to assume that medication was the way to change brain functioning and that biological change was the only method leading to symptom relief. If the right combination of medication and/or medications could be found, the patient could eventually be "cured." In this framework, verbal therapy was superfluous and of relatively little value. Such clinicians also began to discount the importance of the prescriber/patient relationship, feeling that the only importa nt mechanism was the chemical effect of the medication (Antonuccio, D. O., Danton, W. G., & McClanahan, T. M., 2003). This debate still continues in a vestigial manner, but most clinicians now see value for both medications and psychotherapy in managing a mentally ill client. Both have importance and both can result in relief of symptoms, better when used together in a judicious manner. Often the combination of medication and verbal therapy is the most efficient route to rapid symptom relief. Today's therapeutic premise is that a combination of both forms of treatment, psychotropic medication and psychotherapy of various kinds, will not only be helpful, but also should be prescribed for many patients. While not all patients will opt for both therapies, it is the task of the clinician to

American Psycho Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Psycho - Movie Review Example In this essay, Messier analyzes the paradigm related to the term, eloquently propounded by Robert Stam as â€Å"intertextual dialogism†. The relation between the literary texts and its cinematic adaptations in the recent years as claimed by Vartan has suffered from a lack of narration between the literary text and its cinematic adaptation. Vartan claims that it would be a very logo centric approach and straightforward inference if the cinematic adaptations of the literary texts are coined as â€Å"unfaithful to and/or of lesser value† in relation to their mother text from which the cinematic production has evolved without taking into consideration the huge realm of socio-cultural context upon which they evolve and get dispersed. In order to establish this content of the essay, Vartan meticulously chose one of the best cinemas of the recent times, which is an adaptation of a text. American Psycho is a novel by Bret Easton Ellis published in the year 1991. In the year 200 0, director Marry Harron prepared a film out of the Ellis’ text which Vartan and the critics following the same school of thoughts considered for a close reading. They considered both the works from a very close contour resulting into the establishment of the discourse that would give a shape to the interpretations, receptions and dispersions of both the works under a critical and ideological light. Vartan begins the paper by providing a short overview of the text, â€Å"American Psycho† by Ellis and then introduces the amount of controversy inherent within the content of the text before the essay intends to discuss the myriad ways by which the visual poetics of the novel operate as a cut-throat and dissecting critique by figuring the transition of the aesthetics related with the sexual violence which Vartan views as a potent trend in the contemporary consumer culture. Next, the essay takes a turn and launches the comparison of the text by Ellis with that of its cinema tic adaptation of Harron and intends to discuss the shortcomings inherent in the novel which shocks the audiences. Contrarily, according to Vartan, the film by Harron provides a social commentary keeping the plot of the film at a safe distance which actually facilitated it to became more soothing (Messier, â€Å"Visual Poetics, Intertextuality, and the Transfiguration of Ideology: An "Eye" for an "I" in Mary Harron's Cinematic Adaptation of Bret Easton Ellis's "American Psycho"). Vartan in order to establish the propositions suggested by him at the very outset of the essay divides the essay into four sub-sections with intriguing titles like, ‘ Shock and Scandal: American Psycho as Postmodern Pastiche’, ‘ From Pastiche to Parody, or, an â€Å"I† for an â€Å"Eye†, ‘ Transfigurations: Excess, Affect, and the Gaze’ and ‘The Politics of Adaptation: Poetics, Intertextuality, and Ideology’. These sections individually throw elabo rate light on the propositions inherent within the essay required to establish the point of Vartan effectively. The section, ‘ Shock and Scandal: American Psycho as Postmodern Pastiche’ discusses the amount of problem the film, ‘American Psycho’ was about to face long before its date of release owing to the fact that it was a cinematic adaptation of a text which was already condemned as, â€Å" sadistic, pornographic , misogynistic and loathsome†. The negative reception according to Vartan did create an inquisitive pursuit and rage to view the film as it was thought to capture a few of its turbulent sexually violent passages, but Vartan asserts that maintenance of the distance from the stark

Clients Requiring Psychotropic Medication Essay

Clients Requiring Psychotropic Medication - Essay Example It has been demonstrated that the results of combined therapy are superior to either type of therapy used alone. This approach is used by practitioners as pharmacotherapy-oriented psychotherapy (American Counseling Association, 2008). A major indication for using medication when conducting counseling, particularly for those patients with major mental disorders such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder is that psychotropic agents reduce anxiety and hostility. This improves the patient's capacity to communicate and to participate in the psychotherapeutic process involved in counseling. Another indication for such combined therapy is to relieve distress when the signs and the symptoms of the patient's disorder are so prominent that they require more rapid amelioration than psychotherapy alone may be able to offer. In fact there is a current consensus that each technique may facilitate the other; counseling may enable the patient to accept a much needed pharmacological agent, and the psychoactive drug may enable the patient to overcome resistance to entering or continuing counseling and psychotherapy (American Psychological Association, 2005). With the introduction of psychoactive medications ... theoretical issues about the value of medication in the overall treatment of a patient, as well as the practical issues of whether a psychotherapist can also be a medication provider. Consequently, there had been an idea of the counselors which saw medications as intrusive, unnecessary, and even harmful. Their belief was that relief was provided by talking with patients, understanding their problems, and assisting in resolving developmental conflicts and early life traumas. The biological school of mental health professionals began to assume that medication was the way to change brain functioning and that biological change was the only method leading to symptom relief. If the right combination of medication and/or medications could be found, the patient could eventually be "cured." In this framework, verbal therapy was superfluous and of relatively little value. Such clinicians also began to discount the importance of the prescriber/patient relationship, feeling that the only importa nt mechanism was the chemical effect of the medication (Antonuccio, D. O., Danton, W. G., & McClanahan, T. M., 2003). This debate still continues in a vestigial manner, but most clinicians now see value for both medications and psychotherapy in managing a mentally ill client. Both have importance and both can result in relief of symptoms, better when used together in a judicious manner. Often the combination of medication and verbal therapy is the most efficient route to rapid symptom relief. Today's therapeutic premise is that a combination of both forms of treatment, psychotropic medication and psychotherapy of various kinds, will not only be helpful, but also should be prescribed for many patients. While not all patients will opt for both therapies, it is the task of the clinician to

Female, Feminine, Fertility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Female, Feminine, Fertility - Essay Example In particular, she competes severely with Carla Santini, who was also striving to attain this position. Lola does not manage to beat Carla Santini since Carla Santini is quite clever and convincing. At one point, Lola gives up with the chase, but is later motivated to keep up the fight. She decides to participate in a play for their school where she manages to defeat Carla Santini. Although the two girls had personal differences during the time they were competing for the lead position, they are seen mending their differences by acknowledging each other (Sheldon, 2014). I have, for a long time seen female characters resembling Lola and Carla in that they are determined, brave yet considerate and willing to forgive. Such are the people the society wants whom despite differences in, for example places of work due to competition for a given position, they are willing to work together, relate positively outside jobs and acknowledge each other. Lola is used to show the modern woman whom despite challenges facing her, she should never forget her worth and values. The modern woman should aim high and fight hard to attain her position while remembering that she should maintain positive relationship with other with whom she is battling out with. Competitors need not only be fellow women but could also include men. For instance, there is a stiff battle between men and women with women striving to get their positions in the society. Such female characters would have a positive impact on practically every person. In fact, there is nobody would be harmed by the presence of Lola and Carla in the society. However, men might be harmed by characters like Lola in the society especially due to the determination part of the character. Being determined means that such female characters will never let off the battle with men in striving to

Medical Ministry - Logotherapy Essay Example for Free

Medical Ministry Logotherapy Essay He ranted and raved uncontrollably. He suddenly turned to me and said â€Å"Why me? † My reply was â€Å"Why not you? What makes you think that you are more special than the next person? † This confrontational response stopped him in his tracks, made him think about his situation and the anger and feeling sorry for himself disappeared, never to return again. Too often patients with incurable diseases surrender to all the negative emotions that overwhelm them. They become despondent, depressed, fearful and lose hope. All their time is spent fixating on themselves and their wellbeing. They become so focused on their problem that the problem can become their whole world. Patients then get caught in a vicious circle whereby the harder they try not to worry, the more they worry. The greater the effort not to think of their problems, the more they think about them. Without meaning in these patient’s lives, how do they mentally ensure quality of life? How do they make peace, emotionally and spiritually, with the situation they find themselves in? There is sufficient proof that everything can be taken from man except the choice of one’s attitude in any given set of circumstances. Inner freedom, which cannot be taken away, makes life meaningful and purposeful. My husband and I met with the oncologist and found out what treatment was required to push the cancer into remission. We decided to put our trust in the oncologist’s ability to treat this disease while we concentrated on living each day with love, humour and purpose. In effect we were practicing dereflection. Looking back now at the chemotherapy he had to endure, on and off, over a seven year period, I realise that disease/illness can be very meaningful. The chemotherapy room was a morbid place, where everyone sat quietly, lost in their own thoughts, with a chemo drip in their arm. My husband changed all that. He got to know all the patients and medical staff. He used humour to get people to open up about their situations. He would have me running around serving tea, coffee and cake to the patients. He instilled a feeling of hope and caring amongst the patients. They took an interest in one another’s lives, exchanged useful information, joked and laughed about themselves and their illness plus friendships were formed. The doctor often came to check what all the noise was about in the chemotherapy room. I believe this was my husband’s purpose during this period of his life. It was filled with meaning as were the lives of the patients whom he came to know and love. In 2001 the cancer came back aggressively and my husband had to have heavy doses of chemotherapy that almost destroyed his body. He was hospitalised and almost overnight lost so much weight. He was sent home weighing 49 kilograms and so weak that he became bedridden. He didn’t have the strength to walk or to sit up in bed. He began to feel humiliated and degraded due to the fact that he couldn’t do anything for himself. He thought that he had become a burden on me and together with a loss of dignity, he became very depressed. He believed that he would be totally helpless for the rest of his life. The loss of hope and meaning can have a deadly effect. Without faith and belief in the future the patient loses his spiritual hold and allows himself to decline by becoming subject to mental and physical decay. Total despair sets in and all the patient sees is a meaningless existence. To provoke patients to find meaning in their lives, the logotherapist must have a deep commitment for the uniqueness and dignity of each individual. The therapist must focus on the specific needs of individual patients instead of using a fact or technique valid for one situation, to make conclusions about a different situation. During my husband’s depression he tried to commit suicide but fortunately was stopped before he could commit the deed. I phoned Hospice for help. They sent a wonderful woman who came on a regular basis to chat and deal with my husband’s emotional needs. Meals were no longer served in bed. I carried him to the dining room table so that he could eat with the rest of the family. He had practically given up eating so I became more forceful about getting him to eat. On a daily basis I exercised his arms and legs. Hospice arranged for a wheelchair and if we went anywhere as a family, my husband came along. Together we set goals for him to achieve, baby steps as we called them, the first being the building up of his strength. We did a lot of laughing and some crying during this time. His depression disappeared and he started ooking forward to each day. He eventually managed to walk again much to his and the family’s delight. On his first visit to his oncologist after being bedridden, he was nicknamed â€Å"The Miracle Man† by the medical staff. Unfortunately my husband passed away in January 2005. Reading the account of Frankl’s story of the old general practitioner who suffered with depression after his wife died has given me much comfort. Frankl used a form of the Socratic dialogue and asked the practitioner what would have happened if he rather than his wife had died first. He answered, â€Å"How she would have suffered. † I can relate to this story in so far that my husband would have suffered if I had died first. I have spared him this suffering and that is very meaningful to me. There are various methods or techniques a therapist can use to assist their patients to find meaning in their lives. There is the â€Å"parable method† which is suited to some patients whereby the therapist relates a parable or tells a story which illustrates the point that no human being is exempt from illness. There is dereflecting as well as the Socratic dialogue Here is something I came across by an unknown author which can be applied to many diseases and which my husband and I found very inspirational during the period that he had lymphoma. WHAT CANCER CANNOT DO Cancer is so limited.. It cannot cripple love It cannot shatter hope It cannot corrode faith It cannot destroy peace It cannot kill friendship It cannot suppress memories It cannot silence courage It cannot invade the soul It cannot steal eternal life It cannot conquer spirit

Proficient Key Tree Structure for Secure Dynamic Groups

Proficient Key Tree Structure for Secure Dynamic Groups Secure Group Communication ensures forward secrecy and backward secrecy of the data. It is the responsibility of the Group Center (GC) to disallow new members to have access to previous data called backward secrecy and existing members who have left the group to have further access to data called forward secrecy. Forward and backward secrecy can be ensured by updating the keys whenever a join/leave request is handled. This process is called as re-keying. The tree structure is appropriate for maintaining keys. Most of the schemes use binary tree structure for maintaining keys. The Key tree structure uses three kinds of keys such as Traffic Encryption Key (TEK), Key Encryption Key (KEK) and Individual Key (IK). TEK is the top level key called Group key, KEKs are the intermediate level keys called subgroup keys and IKs are the leaf level keys. Figure 3.1 shows the binary tree with 3-levels, which keeps keys at all levels. Based on the number of levels in the binary tree, the height of the tree (H) is calculated. Therefore the height H is 3 since there are three levels in the binary tree. Multicast group members are inserted into the tree only at leaf level. The number of nodes is 2n+1-1 and group members are 2n where ‘n’ is the number of levels in the tree. Here, there are eight members in the multicast group and are represented by M1 to M8. The top level key K0 is the TEK, K1 to K6 are KEKs and IK1 to IK8 are the member’s private keys. Figure 3.1 3-level Binary Tree In the key tree based group key management, the Key Centre (KC) delivers new keys to the group members by encrypting them with older keys. Then, the group members have to decrypt the encrypted keys with their old keys. All these encryption and decryption computations amplify the load on KC, resulting in delay to espouse the group key. It also increases power consumption to acquire the new group key. All keys must be stored in the memory of communication devices and group members have to accumulate the group keys in a secure memory like Universal Subscriber Identity module (USIM) to safeguard from various kinds of attacks and intrusions. Also, each program requires memory to reserve their secure keys. Since the memory space is limited, the number of keys to be stored must also be minimised. Keeping these constraints in sight, this work suggests the proficient key tree structure, considering the efficiencies of computation and storage costs. 3.1 PROFICIENT KEY TREE STRUCTURE (PKS) The proficient key tree structure consists of two parts in which the lower part constitutes of binary trees to minimise the communication cost and the upper part consists of flat trees up to 2 levels to alleviate the key computation and key storage costs. The TEK is directly connected to the KEKs on the top part of the tree so that it is a subset of the level homogeneous tree. Figure 3.2 Proficient Key Tree Structure with 1 flat level Figure 3.2 shows the proficient key tree with 1flat level and 1 binary level. A Flat tree is used for reducing the computation and storage costs. From the binary key tree, one TEK, 6 KEKs and 8 IKs are stored for 8 members at three levels. Compared to the 3-level binary key tree, l-flat level PKS maintains all 8 members at 2 levels and it requires 1 TEK, 4 KEKs and 8IKs. The number of KEK is reduced if flat tree is used. This reduces key storage and key computation costs. In case of 2 flat levels and 1 binary level, 1 KEK, 16 KEKs and 32 IKs are maintained for 32 members at 3 levels. Figure 3.3 shows the proficient key tree with 2 flat and 1 binary level. Joining and Leaving are two important operations in a multicast group. Figure 3.3 Proficient Key Tree Structure with 2 flat levels and 1 binary level If the member M24 wants to leave the group, some key updates are required for maintaining confidentiality and integrity of data. The keys K0, K3 and K16 should be updated as a part of re-keying process. The Key Centre selects a key for encryption of the new key and this new key must be kept secret from the leaving member. This ensures the property of forward secrecy. 3.1.1 Batch Re-keying When multiple members want to leave from the multicast group, the key updates are done as a batch called batch re-keying (Li et al 2001). In batch re-keying, the interval for which key server waits, is termed as re-key interval. The entire join and leave requests are collected during this re-key interval to generate new keys. Moreover, it also constructs a re-key message and multicasts it. Batch re-keying improves efficiency because the number of re-key messages to be signed is reduced. One message is signed for a batch of requests unlike one for each. Batch re-keying takes advantage of the possible overlap of new keys for multiple re-key requests. 3.1.2 Join Operation When a new member (Ui) wishes to join the group, the member has to send a request. In addition to the information of existing group members, the Key Distribution Center requires the new level K’ to insert the member into the tree (Figure 3.4). If the performance of the joining member is worst, then the new level K’ should be smaller than the level of present key tree structure (K). The following steps are followed to join the member in the multicast group. Step 1: Receive join request from the new member to the multicast group Step 2: Determine the level of the current tree, K and new level required K’ Step 3: If K’ is greater than or equal to K, check whether the tree is complete Step 4: If the tree is a complete tree, broadcast the remove key message that are on the same level K Step 5: If K’ is less than K, set K as K’ and check whether the tree is complete. Step 6: If the tree is complete, broadcast remove key messages that are on a higher level than or same level as K’ else broadcast that are on a higher level than K’. Figure 3.4 Key tree updates when user joins From the first part of the Figure 3.4, eight members are on the leaf level and the height of the lower part of the tree K is 2. If the member U9 joins into the tree, it is inserted at the leaf level. It requires one more level since the tree is complete. Therefore, the new level K’ is 3. In order to make the tree into a PKS tree, it needs to maintain the same level and the flat level is to be introduced. Therefore, the existing key tree structure is to be updated and it looks like the second part of the Figure 3.4. K1 and K2 are removed and the top level node is directly connected to K3, K4, K5 and K6 nodes after adding the new member at the leaf level. Figure 3.5 Join Operation in the PKS tree If K’ is greater than or equal to K, the KC need not to change the key tree level, excluding the case when the present key tree is a complete K-level PKS. In case of complete PKS, the key tree structure needs one more level to accommodate new members and to do so, KC should broadcast the remove key message to exterminate the KEKs in level K as in Figure 3.5. If K’ is less than K, it indicates that the height of PKS needs to be lowered from K+1 to K’+1 in order to support the new member. As lowering the height increases the communication cost depends on KC whether to accept the new join request or not. If such addition increases the communication cost, then Key Centre can reject the request. If the tree is complete PKS, KC has to broadcast the remove key message for removing the KEKs on same or higher level than K’. 3.1.3 Leave Operation If a group member wants to leave, it has to send a ‘Leave Request’ to the Key Centre. After receiving the request from the member(s), KC has to update the subgroup keys to maintain confidentiality and secrecy of communication. After updating the group keys, it may be a case that the height of the tree is changed due to the empty positions created as a result of leaving members. In such scenarios, height is recalculated for the tree structure’s lower part i.e. K†. In addition to this, if a group member leaves the group then the height of the tree is updated. Thus, a newly required level K’ is determined by considering the memory space and computation power of the remaining members. The following steps are followed to leave the member into the multicast group. Step 1: Receive a leave request from the member Step 2: Update new KEKs Step 3: Recalculate the height of the changed tree, K’’ Step 4: Determine a new required level K’ Step 5: If both K’’ and K’ are not equal and heightening the level of the tree, create levels from K’’+1 to K’. Figure 3.6 Key tree updates when a user leaves From the Figure 3.6, the member U9 wants to leave the multicast group. K is 2 and the height of the lower part of the changed key tree K† is 1. If K† is smaller than K, the KC decides to heighten the height of the tree. If it so, it generates new KEKs on level two. If K† is equal to K’ then the height of the changed key tree is same as the height of key tree which is required for communication. In this scenario, no changes will be done in the height of the key tree structure. If K† Figure 3.7 Leave operation in the PKS tree 3.2 PERFORMANCE METRICS The performance of the PKS tree structure is evaluated in different aspects of costs such as Key computation, Key storage. 3.2.1 Key Computation Cost In a key tree structure, three keys are considered. They are group key (TEK), subgroup key (KEK) and Individual Keys (IK). As the level in a key tree structure increases, the number of keys for the group or member also increases. The depth of a binary tree equals to the integer part of log2n, where‘n’denotes the number of nodes on the balanced tree. The PKS tree maintains two types of levels. They are the flat levels (fl) and binary levels (bl). The height (H) of the tree is the number of flat and binary levels, i.e., H=fl+bl. Each member has one key on each level. Therefore, the number of key computations is same as the height of the key tree. 3.2.2 Key Storage Cost Key storage cost is defined as the number of keys stored by each member in the multicast group and KC. Each member has to store one key on each level. Therefore, it is the height of the tree ‘fl+bl’ for the PKS tree and ‘bl’ for the binary tree. 3.3 SUMMARY Proficient tree based re-keying algorithm is proposed so that it reduces the number of re-keying operations per join/leave request. The Proficient Key Tree Structure has two parts in which the lower part constitutes of binary trees to minimise the communication cost and the upper part consists of flat trees to alleviate the key computation and key storage costs. The time efficiency of all key tree structures is based on the height of the trees. The height is the number of binary levels of the binary tree and the height of the PKS tree is based on the number of flat and binary levels. It is concluded that the time efficiency of the PKS tree is less than the binary tree since the height of PKS is lesser than the binary key tree for the specified number of members in the multicast group. Thus, the proficient key tree structure for re-keying is proposed in this chapter. It gives the complete picture about joining and leaving of users in the multicast group and the key computations during re-keying operations. Multilevel encryption and decryption using graceful codes are discussed in the following chapter.

Fatal Errors of Brutus :: essays papers

Fatal Errors of Brutus William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Julius Caesar is built upon the six lethal mistakes that Brutus unknowingly performs. Brutus believes he uses wise judgment and cunning skill in his plans to prevail over Caesar. There are three errors that seem to be the most significant. They are refusing to take an oath, not killing Antony and allowing Antony to speak at Caesar’s funeral. The plot against Caesar is first devised by Cassius, who slowly allows Brutus to take over the arrangements. This is when Brutus’ miscalculations eventually lead him to his own downfall. First, Brutus truthfully feels that the conspirators have enough will and intelligence to keep the plot concealed from others. He believes the conspirators will not confer with anyone who may feel betrayed by their plans and protect Caesar. For this reason, Brutus strongly goes against the conspirators taking an oath to pledge their loyalty to the group. Brutus proceeds by stating that through each conspirator’s own personal motive for defeating Caesar is sufficient enough to bind them together. Brutus is dreadfully mistaken. The conspirators feel no actual degree of loyalty. They feel free to have doubts and discuss them with others. This is proven true when Artemidorus is revealed writing a letter to Caesar. The letter warns Caesar of the conspirators and names each one. The only possible way that Artemidorus could have been aware of the plan is if one of the conspirators felt the need to speak openly about the plot. Later, the question of whether or not to kill Antony is brought up by the conspirators. Brutus and Cassius disagree on the answer. Cassius believes it would be best to kill Antony so that there is no fear of revenge from him. Brutus does not see the threat in Antony. He sees Antony as merely a limb that has no power once Caesar is dead. The men then decide, through Brutus’ persuasion, that it is pointless and too bloody to kill Antony. This error causes Brutus’ ultimate downfall in the end. It would have been wise for the conspirators to kill Antony instead of facing him in their last battle. Finally, once Caesar is dead, Antony proposes to speak at his funeral. Cassius and Brutus again disagree. Cassius knows it is unwise to allow one of Caesar’s loyal friends to address the people at the funeral.

Personal or Narrative Essay: My Environmental Practices Essay

Now it’s your turn to write a personal or narrative essay. For this kind of personal writing, you are using the first person perspective. Keep your writing informal. You can make connections to your readings, referring to specific relevant details from the â€Å"Ten Things† article, or anything else you have read on how to reduce your negative impact on the environment. In your composition, feel free to share how you feel now about your own environmental practices, any insights you have gained, and ideas you have for the future. Write a five paragraph personal essay or narrative about the connection between your lifestyle choices and how they impact the broader environment. There are three steps to this assignment: Step A: In the first hour after waking up in the morning, make note of everything you use, and the country where it was made. Makes notes also on your connection to these places, and the people in these places, through the things you use. Step B: Make notes on what your best environmental practice might look like, related to the use of these items. In your opinion, is what you are doing right now enough? How might you do more? What is stopping you? For ideas on what else you could be doing to improve your own environmental practices, refer to your answers from Lesson A: Activity 1: â€Å"Ten Things You Can Do. † Step C: Choose to write either a personal essay, or a narrative. Note that personal essays almost always involve some form of narrative, while narrative essays, often written in first person, tell a story from beginning to end; though this does not mean they merely entertain—they explain something to the reader as well. Recall the following characteristics of the narrative and personal essay: Narrative Essay: A narrative essay is a story that describes a sequence of events, in this case, nonfiction. Remember the following elements of narrative essays: makes a point, introduced in the first paragraph has a beginning, middle, and end events are chosen to support the essay’s point includes the devices of story: plot, character, setting, climax, and ending has a consistent point of view (the authors’ –i. e. yours! ) includes feelings about events starts as close to the inciting incident (the event that begins the story) as possible includes only what is necessary to advance the action Personal Essay: The personal essay constitutes a struggle for emotional and intellectual honesty. In writing a personal essay, you show a vulnerability and the courage to admit self-contradictions in the search for truth. Remember the following elements of the personal essay: almost always written in first person makes a point, introduced in the first paragraph, expressed in a thesis statement almost always some autobiographical content or component constructed of personal opinions, hopes, beliefs, doubts, confusions intimate, personal tone—admit the reader into your inner thoughts, musings—as if your reader is â€Å"eavesdropping on a mind in solitude† voice is conversational in style and tone, as though you are addressing a small audience approach is contemplative, but can be humourous, not of very strong emotions, such as rage or bitterness returns to the point in the concluding paragraph with a new perspective Personal/Narrative Essay Checklist: 1. Have you chosen a topic you can be sincere about? Manufactured sincerity doesn’t fly in a personal essay or first person narrative. 2. Have you included some autobiographical component? 3. Are you seeking out a truth in your essay?

Shewin Case

PA402: Employment Law Unit 3: The Employment Relationship – Shewin Memorandum Your Course Project: Read About the Shewin Memorandum Throughout the course, you will work on the Shewin Memorandum. Your first step is to become acquainted with Ms. Shewin and the fact pattern. Ima Shewin is a 45-year-old African-American woman with advanced degrees in English and journalism from the University of Chicago. She has been employed by The Blabber, a newspaper in Atlanta, Georgia, for 10 years.She started as an entrylevel researcher. Two years later, she was promoted to a junior-level reporter position, and two years after that, to a senior-level reporter position. She has now been a senior-level reporter for the last six years. During the first eight years of her employment, Shewin reported to George Doright. Two years ago, The Blabber reorganized, and Doright was moved to another division in the company. Since then, Shewin has reported to Arthur King, The Blabber's senior editor.Follow ing the reorganization, two editors have retired. Although Shewin applied for these positions, they were not offered to her. In fact, she was only invited to interview for one of the positions, although she believes she met the qualifications for both. Last month, she applied for a junior-editor position she has been after for several years now. Based upon the qualifications that were identified in the job's classified ad, she felt she was a shoo-in. She applied and was interviewed. The interview with Mr.King did not go as well as she had hoped. The interview took place over lunch in a restaurant. King started out the conversation by engaging in seemingly harmless social banter, but Shewin was uncomfortable with his personal questions about her relationship with her boyfriend. A few weeks after the interview, the company announced that it was hiring Gene Whiz, someone from outside the company. Whiz is 26 years old and recently earned a master's degree in journalism from the Universi ty of Chicago.He has worked as a reporter for a small local newspaper. Shewin believes a number of factors may have been held against her. For example, only three women are in the upper levels of management, and all were promoted prior to the reorganization. King was not involved in the promotion decisions for any of the three women. King has a reputation for making sexist comments, which several women in the company find offensive, as do a number of men. For example, he described one pregnant reporter as barefoot and pregnant. † He has also asked Shewin out to â€Å"discuss business,† invitations that she has declined. She feels that rejecting him may have something to do with her not getting the job. Another possible factor is that there are only five African-American senior managers in the company. Shewin has heard through the rumor mill that Whiz is part AfricanAmerican. Also, prior to Mr. Doright's transfer, Shewin filed a complaint against some of her male colleag ues.Apparently the men whose cubicles were surrounding Shewin's area had a habit of discussing their weekend dates in graphic detail on Monday mornings. Although they did not make these comments directly to Shewin, the conversations PA402: Employment Law Unit 3: The Employment Relationship – Shewin Memorandum were quite loud and she overheard them regularly. After several months of hoping they would stop, Shewin brought this matter to Mr. Doright, who sternly told the employees to stop such behavior.However, since Arthur King became the senior manager, her coworkers have reverted to their old behavior, and King has taken no action against them, despite Shewin's repeated complaints to him. In fact, Shewin has observed King laughing at the conversations as he walked by. He did not, however, participate in the conversations. Finally, Shewin is more than 40 years old and has concerns that she may be getting passed over because of her age. A friend of hers overheard King talking t o another senior manager, speculating as to when Shewin would finally retire.

Ode to Autumn

ODE TO AUTUMN John Keats This poem, an ode, is the last of Keats’ odes. In it, the poet exhibits a rich mood of serenity by describing autumn as a season of mellow fruitfulness – a season of ripeness and fulfillment. This ode is known for its remarkable sensuous beauty that is crafted by employment of several visual, tactile and auditory imageries together with the personification of autumn as a woman engaged in various autumnal activities. In the first stanza, the poet has described the bounty of autumn. It is the season of mists and the ripening of fruit. Autumn and the sun work together for the ripening of all kinds of fruits.The vines running round the edges of the thatch and apple trees growing in the cottage garden are weighed down with fruits. Their fruits are ripening during autumn. Besides the gourds are becoming larger and the hazel nuts are being filled with sweet kernels. For the bees, it appears as if there is no end to their happy days – summer â₠¬â€œ as there are some later flowers still blooming in autumn, providing honey to them, even if their sticky combs are over-brimmed. The beautiful word pictures and various visual and tactile imageries make the stanza a well-crafted one.In the second stanza, the poet moves from the country cottage to the outside field and describes various activities associated with autumn. He does it by employing personification that one almost visualizes these activities. It is the season of harvest and since most of the harvest works are performed by women, autumn is described as a woman. First, it is seen as a woman doing the work of winnowing. Secondly, one may see it as a reaper, asleep in the half-finished furrow of crops. Thirdly, it may be seen as a gleaner, keeping her corn-burdened head steady as she crosses a brook.Finally, autumn may be seen as a woman standing patiently beside a cider-press for the last drops of apple juice. Unlike the first stanza where autumn was bustling with activi ties, Autumn is found static in suspended activity or arrested motion in the second stanza and the readers are invited to move from one scene to another in search of Autumn. In the final stanza, the poet appears to be overwhelmed by a pessimistic idea and asks about the sweet music of spring which is absent in autumn. However, he immediately rectifies himself and says there is nothing to worry about the songs of spring as autumn too has its own music.He then lists the various sounds of autumn which are generally heard in the evening time. The mourning of the gnats, the loud bleating of the full-grown lambs, the singing of the hedge-crickets, the whistling of the red-breast and the twittering of the swallows are the prominent sounds that the poem deals with. Thus, the third stanza is about the music of autumn and the imagery is auditory. If in the first stanza, the positive side of autumn as the handmaid of summer is stressed, here the season is hailed as the prelude to winter.The th eme of the poem is a delighted, sensuous enjoyment of the rich and mature beauty of autumn season. The poet’s imaginative response to the beauty of autumn appears in a series of pictorial personifications of the season. The course of autumn traced in the poem is not restricted to autumn. The movement of the poem from fruition to harvest, from satisfaction to ending epitomizes the very process of life. Even sadness is seen in its true perspective as inseparable from and part and parcel of the complete process. The poem is an acceptance of the beauty and the pain in life, and an affirmation of its dignity. Thou hast thy music too’, is a relevant reminder that each one has his own talent and should attain contentment in life. Extracts: a) Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun Conspiring with him how to load and bless. i) Why does the poet address ‘autumn’ as the ‘season of mists and mellow fruit-fullness? Ans. T he poet addresses ‘autumn’ as the season of mists as during this season, we can see mists on the open fields and on the other wet places in the mornings and evenings. He calls it a season of mellow fruitfulness because it’s during autumn that the fruits are in the process of ripening. i) How is ‘autumn’ a close bosom-friend of the maturing sun? Ans. Autumn is a close friend of the maturing sun as both of them together help the fruits to ripen to the core. iii) What do the close friends conspire? Ans. The two close friends, autumn and the sun conspire to load and bless the vines and apple trees with fruits, to swell the gourds, to plump the hazel shells with sweet kernels and to help bloom some more flowers. b) And still more, later flowers for the bees, Until they think warm days will never cease. i) What does the poet mean by the ‘later flowers’? Ans.By the ‘later flowers’, the poet means to convey that flowering does not s top immediately after summer; in fact it continues though the number gets reduced. These are known as later flowers. ii) What makes the bees feel that warm days will never cease? Ans. The presence of later flowers and availability of honey for the bees makes them feel that the warm days shall never cease. iii) Describe the bee hives. Ans. The bees have collected a lot of honey during summer, yet the presence of the later flowers makes them collect more and add it to their collection which is now over-filled in their sticky cells. ) Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find Thee sitting careless on a granary floor, Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind; i) Who or what is being talked of here? Ans. ‘Autumn’ is being talked of here. ii) What is the poetic device employed here and what is its effect? Ans. The poetic device employed here is personification as ‘autumn’ is being described as a woman engaged in various harvest related activities. iii) Why is she seen sitting carelessly on the granary floor? What activity was she involved in? Ans. She can be seen sitting carelessly on the granary floor as she was engaged in winnowing work, i. e. eparating the chaff from the corn and she is sitting carelessly because she is not worried as the harvest has been very good. It is picture of fulfillment or contentment. iv) Mention at least two more places she can be seen. Also mention in what condition she can be seen at these places. Ans. She can be seen in a sleeping posture, as she had been induced to sleep by the intoxicating smell of the poppies growing in the field along with the corn, in a half-reaped furrow while her sickle spares the next swath. She can also be seen as a gleaner, crossing a brook and keeping her head steady.She can be seen sitting patiently at a cider-press and watching for the last drops of apple juice trickling down from the press. d) Think not of them, thou hast thy music too, — i) Who is being addressed here? Ans. Autumn is being addressed here. ii) This line is the answer to a question asked by the poet. What is the question? Ans. The question is: ‘Where are the songs of spring? Ay, where are they? iii) What is being referred to as ‘them’ here and why should the addressee not think of them? Ans. ‘The songs of spring’ is being referred to as ‘them’ here and the addressee, i. . autumn should not think of them as it is useless to think of the past. It’s rather wise to live in the present. Besides, autumn has its own music too. iv) Name a few sources of music associated with the addressee. Ans. The mourning of the gnats, the loud bleats of the full-grown lambs, the songs of the hedge-crickets, the whistles of the red-breast and the twittering of the swallows are the prominent sounds associated with the addressee, autumn. e) ‘Where are the songs of the Spring! Ay, where are they? Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day, And touch the stubble plains with rosy hue†¦ ’ i) Name the poet and the poem. Ans. The poet is ‘John Keats’ and the poem is ‘Ode to Autumn’. ii) Who is being referred to as ‘thou’? Ans. Autumn is being referred to as ‘thou’. iii) What does the poet mean when he says ‘songs of spring’? Ans. By the songs of spring the poet refers to the joy and exuberance of spring season. iv) What image is conjured up with ‘stubble plains’? Ans. The grain has been harvested and only the short, dry stalks remain like the stubble of hair on the face.

Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Healthcare - Essay Example The reasons for the stated, as a reading of Hamill's (2007) article indicates, lay in the country's highly competitive two-party system, budget constraints and the complex nature of legislature. Although Pennsylvania has one of the highest healthcare insurance percentages in the country, its Democratic governor, Edward G. Rendell is determined to expand coverage to include all uninsured adults and cut down on healthcare costs. As Hamill (2007) reports, governor Rendell is currently proposing that the state adopt a number of measures intended to reduce the cost of healthcare and, thus, extend healthcare to the state's 760,000 uninsured adults. Prior to the current proposal, Governor Rendell had declared his intent to sign a bill establishing a single-payer system, effectively making the state the insurer for the uninsured. The estimated cost of the aforementioned, however, forced him to reconsider this route (Hamill, 2007). Healthcare insurance is a problem but as one may infer from the article, one of the primary obstacles to the implementation of solutions lies, not in the inordinately complex nature of the problem itself but, in the nation's two-party system.

Political Asylum Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Asylum - Case Study Example They found high social costs of monopoly in both economies, emphasizing that their social cost estimates were, in contrast to Posner, for private monopoly power. As will be argued later, the empirical magnitude of rent-seeking costs is now a matter of some controversy in the literature. There are many empirical consequences on the social expenses of rent seeking, depending on the methodology, coverage, and economy analyzed by the author. Krueger (1974) recommended that 7 percent of Indian GNP was wasted in rent seeking and 15 percent of Turkish GNP was lost because of rent seeking for import licenses. Posner (1975) estimated that as much as 3 percent of U.S. GNP was lost because of the social costs of monopolization throughout regulation. These are clearly substantial sums of money in any economy. Cowling and Mueller (1978) consequential a guesstimate that the rent seeking and deadweight costs of private monopoly in the United States was 13 percent of gross corporate product. (Ekelund, pp 13-19) The consequenThe consequences of the different studies are summarized in table 1. In one sense, the table shows the importance of the rent-seeking insight. No longer can the costs of tariffs, monopolies, and theft be called a trivial problem in virtually any economy. These are commonly not little numbers. Table # 1 Estimates of the Costs of Rent Seeking STUDY ECONOMY YEAR RENT-SEEKING COSTS Krueger India 1964 7% GNP Krueger Turkey 1968 15% GNP (trade sector) Posner U.S. Various Years 3% GNP (regulation) Cowling U.S. 1963-66 13% GCP* and Mueller (private monopoly) Cowling U.K. 1968-69 7% GCP* and Mueller (private monopoly) Ross Kenya 1980 38% GDP (trade sector) Mohammand India 1980-81 25-40% GNP and Whalley Laband U.S. 1992 50% GNP and Sophocleus Regression- Various Various Years Up to 45% GNP Based Studies Countries * Cowling and Mueller (1978) use gross corporate product as the basis of their calculation. This consequence suppose a labor market balance in which, for example, a lawyer's wage is an exact proxy for his chance cost as an engineer and in which the lawyer is indifferent at the margin with respect to option of occupation. Keep in mind the above point that rents are not transfers or bribes but must be expended in real assets devoted to regulatory favor seeking. Cowling and Mueller (1978) also create the major point that since a lot of rent seeking costs are unseen in business expenses, there is a bias toward underestimation in the way most studies calculate rents. That is, observed rents will understate the true costs of rent seeking. Magee takes the analysis a step additional by seem to be at the rent-seeking costs of containing an extra lawyer in the legislature. He estimates that each additional lawyer in the U.S. Congress costs more than $1 billion. For a similar exercise, see Joseph Phillips in an appendix to Baran and Sweezy (1966), who expected the "cost" of monopoly capitalism at 56 percent of